Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (Q38068605)

28 August 2017

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title

Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (English)

1 reference

28 August 2017

Clostridium difficile

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1

Matteo Bassetti

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28 August 2017

Giovanni Villa

2

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28 August 2017

Davide Pecori

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3

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28 August 2017

Alessandra Arzese

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4

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28 August 2017

Mark Wilcox

series ordinal

5

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28 August 2017

1 December 2012

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Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

28 August 2017

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28 August 2017

10

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28 August 2017

1405-1423

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28 August 2017

12

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Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis

28 August 2017

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clinical practice. Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Epidemiological features of Clostridium difficile-associated disease among inpatients at children's hospitals in the United States, 2001-2006.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Fulminant Clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Relatively poor outcome after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis with metronidazole

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile and fluoroquinolones: is there a link?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Effect of metronidazole on growth and toxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes 001 and 027 in a human gut model.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Frequency of Binary Toxin Genes among Clostridium difficile Strains That Do Not Produce Large Clostridial Toxins

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Prevalence and characterization of a binary toxin (actin-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase) from Clostridium difficile.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Comparative genome and phenotypic analysis of Clostridium difficile 027 strains provides insight into the evolution of a hypervirulent bacterium

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Increased sporulation rate of epidemic Clostridium difficile Type 027/NAP1

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Fluoroquinolone resistance in Clostridium difficile isolates from a prospective study of C. difficile infections in Europe

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

High-level resistance to moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin associated with a novel mutation in gyrB in toxin-A-negative, toxin-B-positive Clostridium difficile

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Decreased effectiveness of metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Effect of sub-MIC concentrations of metronidazole, vancomycin, clindamycin and linezolid on toxin gene transcription and production in Clostridium difficile

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Effects of exposure of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes 027 and 001 to fluoroquinolones in a human gut model

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Effects of cefotaxime and desacetylcefotaxime upon Clostridium difficile proliferation and toxin production in a triple-stage chemostat model of the human gut.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Effects of piperacillin/tazobactam on Clostridium difficile growth and toxin production in a human gut model

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

A case-control study of community-associated Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile infection in the community: a zoonotic disease?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Is Clostridium difficile-associated infection a potentially zoonotic and foodborne disease?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection following the introduction of a national ribotyping-based surveillance scheme in England

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 078: an emerging strain in humans and in pigs?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Impact of guidelines and enhanced antibiotic stewardship on reducing broad-spectrum antibiotic usage and its effect on incidence of Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Impact of an intervention to control Clostridium difficile infection on hospital- and community-onset disease; an interrupted time series analysis

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Prevention of fatal Clostridium difficile-associated disease during continuous administration of clindamycin in hamsters

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Patterns of antibiotic use and risk of hospital admission because of Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Outbreak of Clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: association with gatifloxacin use.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

The potential for airborne dispersal of Clostridium difficile from symptomatic patients.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Potential for aerosolization of Clostridium difficile after flushing toilets: the role of toilet lids in reducing environmental contamination risk

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Large clostridial cytotoxins--a family of glycosyltransferases modifying small GTP-binding proteins

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile toxin synthesis is negatively regulated by TcdC.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Comparison of the efficacy of ramoplanin and vancomycin in both in vitro and in vivo models of clindamycin-induced Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA).

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Toxin gene analysis of a variant strain of Clostridium difficile that causes human clinical disease

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Molecular analysis of the pathogenicity locus and polymorphism in the putative negative regulator of toxin production (TcdC) among Clostridium difficile clinical isolates

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Characterization of toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive Clostridium difficile isolates from outbreaks in different countries by amplified fragment length polymorphism and PCR ribotyping

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Analysis of the pathogenicity locus in Clostridium difficile strains

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Rapid and reliable diagnostic algorithm for detection of Clostridium difficile

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Evaluation of diagnostic tests for Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile and the aetiology of pseudomembranous colitis

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Cytotoxicity Assay in Antibiotic-Associated Colitis

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Glutamate dehydrogenase is highly conserved among Clostridium difficile ribotypes

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Nosocomial acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

An enhanced DNA fingerprinting service to investigate potential Clostridium difficile infection case clusters sharing the same PCR ribotype

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Comparison of seven techniques for typing international epidemic strains of Clostridium difficile: restriction endonuclease analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR-ribotyping, multilocus sequence typing, multilocus variable-number tandem-rep

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Multiplex PCR targeting tpi (triose phosphate isomerase), tcdA (Toxin A), and tcdB (Toxin B) genes for toxigenic culture of Clostridium difficile

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

A pilot study of rapid benchtop sequencing of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile for outbreak detection and surveillance

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR to the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile infections.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile testing in the clinical laboratory by use of multiple testing algorithms

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Impact of strain type on detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: comparison of molecular diagnostic and enzyme immunoassay approaches

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Clostridium difficile Epi assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection and typing of the NAP1 strain at a cancer hospital

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Evaluation of the C.Diff Quik Chek Complete Assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of clostridium difficile disease

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Comparison of two commercial molecular tests for the detection of Clostridium difficile in the routine diagnostic laboratory.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: comparison of the cell culture neutralization, Xpert C. difficile, Xpert C. difficile/Epi, and Illumigene C. difficile assays

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification test for Clostridium difficile detection challenges cytotoxin B cell test and culture as gold standard

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Heterogeneity of large clostridial toxins: importance of Clostridium difficile toxinotypes

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Targeting the tcdA gene: is this appropriate for detection of A and/or B Clostridium difficile toxin-producing strains?

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Diagnostic accuracy of real-time polymerase chain reaction in detection of Clostridium difficile in the stool samples of patients with suspected Clostridium difficile Infection: a meta-analysis.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Prediction of complicated Clostridium difficile infection by pleural effusion and increased wall thickness on computed tomography

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

A description of CT features of Clostridium difficile infection of the small bowel in four patients and a review of literature

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI).

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Prospective randomised trial of metronidazole versus vancomycin for Clostridium-difficile-associated diarrhoea and colitis

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Comparison of vancomycin, teicoplanin, metronidazole, and fusidic acid for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Management and outcomes of a first recurrence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in Quebec, Canada

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile--more difficult than ever

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Rifaximin: a unique gastrointestinal-selective antibiotic for enteric diseases

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Rifaximin Redux: treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infections with rifaximin immediately post-vancomycin treatment

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Nitazoxanide for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Nitazoxanide versus vancomycin in Clostridium difficile infection: a randomized, double-blind study

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Typing and susceptibility of bacterial isolates from the fidaxomicin (OPT-80) phase II study for C. difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Fidaxomicin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Tigecycline does not induce proliferation or cytotoxin production by epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Intravenous tigecycline as adjunctive or alternative therapy for severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Recurrent refractory Clostridium difficile colitis treated successfully with rifaximin and tigecycline: a case report and review of the literature.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Tolevamer, an anionic polymer, neutralizes toxins produced by the BI/027 strains of Clostridium difficile

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Toxin-binding treatment for Clostridium difficile: a review including reports of studies with tolevamer

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile toxoid vaccine in recurrent C. difficile-associated diarrhea

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection: a review

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

An evaluation of the impact of a single-dose intravenous immunoglobulin regimen in the treatment of Clostridium difficile infections

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Lactobacillus plantarum 299v for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

The fascination with probiotics for Clostridium difficile infection: lack of evidence for prophylactic or therapeutic efficacy

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Saccharomyces boulardii for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adult hospitalized patients: a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Systematic review of intestinal microbiota transplantation (fecal bacteriotherapy) for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Incidence and outcome of Clostridium difficile infection following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Historical perspectives on studies of Clostridium difficile and C. difficile infection

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe.

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clinical Clostridium difficile: clonality and pathogenicity locus diversity

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Health Care–AssociatedClostridium difficileInfection in Canada: Patient Age and Infecting Strain Type Are Highly Predictive of Severe Outcome and Mortality

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Rapid detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile from stool samples by a nested PCR of toxin B gene

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe

21 January 2018

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1586%2FERI.12.135

21 January 2018

Identifiers

DOI

10.1586/ERI.12.135

1 reference

28 August 2017

1 reference