Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis (Q36832932)

16 August 2017

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title

Glatiramer acetate: mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis (English)

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16 August 2017

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1

Tjalf Ziemssen

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16 August 2017

Wiebke Schrempf

2

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16 August 2017

1 January 2007

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International Review of Neurobiology

16 August 2017

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16 August 2017

79

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16 August 2017

537-570

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Effect of a synthetic polypeptide (COP 1) on patients with multiple sclerosis and with acute disseminated encephalomeylitis. Preliminary report

16 August 2017

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

T suppressor hybridomas and interleukin-2-dependent lines induced by copolymer 1 or by spinal cord homogenate down-regulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Copolymer 1 induces T cells of the T helper type 2 that crossreact with myelin basic protein and suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Bystander suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by T cell lines and clones of the Th2 type induced by copolymer 1

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Copolymer 1 acts against the immunodominant epitope 82-100 of myelin basic protein by T cell receptor antagonism in addition to major histocompatibility complex blocking

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Specific Th2 cells accumulate in the central nervous system of mice protected against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by copolymer 1

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate-specific T cells in the brain express T helper 2/3 cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factorin situ

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

The immunomodulator glatiramer acetate augments the expression of neurotrophic factors in brains of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Th1-Th2: reliable paradigm or dangerous dogma?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Therapeutic vaccine for acute and chronic motor neuron diseases: implications for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and its potential for the development of new applications

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

New insights into the mechanism of action of copolymer 1 in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

During 3 years treatment of primary progressive multiple sclerosis with glatiramer acetate, specific antibodies switch from IgG1 to IgG4

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Acute axonal injury in multiple sclerosis. Correlation with demyelination and inflammation

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Intracortical multiple sclerosis lesions are not associated with increased lymphocyte infiltration.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Multiple sclerosis: trial of a synthetic polypeptide

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Clinical trials of copolymer I in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

A pilot trial of Cop 1 in exacerbating-remitting multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Humoral and cellular immune responses to Copolymer 1 in multiple sclerosis patients treated with Copaxone

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Combination therapy with glatiramer acetate (copolymer-1) and a type I interferon (IFN-alpha) does not improve experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Immunogenic potentials of copolymer I in normal human lymphocytes

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Human cellular immune response to copolymer I and myelin basic protein

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimer's disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Sustained immunological effects of Glatiramer acetate in patients with multiple sclerosis treated for over 6 years

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate-reactive T cells produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Therapeutic strategies to prevent neurodegeneration and promote regeneration in multiple sclerosis.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

The cognitive paradigm and the immunological homunculus

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

European/Canadian multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of the effects of glatiramer acetate on magnetic resonance imaging-measured disease activity and burden in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate (copolymer-1)-specific, human T cell lines: cytokine profile and suppression of T cell lines reactive against myelin basic protein

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) induces degenerate, Th2-polarized immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Human and murine CD4 T cell reactivity to a complex antigen: recognition of the synthetic random polypeptide glatiramer acetate

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Treatment of multiple sclerosis with Copaxone (COP): Elispot assay detects COP-induced interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma response in blood cells

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Treatment with glatiramer acetate induces specific IgG4 antibodies in multiple sclerosis patients

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Immunological assay for assessing the efficacy of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) in multiple sclerosis. A pilot study

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis: update on potential mechanisms of action

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate reduces the proportion of new MS lesions evolving into "black holes".

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Evidence for widespread axonal damage at the earliest clinical stage of multiple sclerosis.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Effects of oral glatiramer acetate on clinical and MRI-monitored disease activity in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

A prospective open-label study of glatiramer acetate: over a decade of continuous use in multiple sclerosis patients

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Direct binding of myelin basic protein and synthetic copolymer 1 to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules on living antigen-presenting cells--specificity and promiscuity.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) treatment in relapsing-remitting MS: quantitative MR assessment.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Axonal damage is reduced following glatiramer acetate treatment in C57/bl mice with chronic-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Additive effect of the combination of glatiramer acetate and minocycline in a model of MS.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Axonal damage in multiple sclerosis: a complex issue in a complex disease

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

The neuroprotective effect of inflammation: implications for the therapy of multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Induction of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by copolymer-I through activation of transcription factor Foxp3

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate and IFN-beta act on dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Do Th2 cells mediate the effects of glatiramer acetate in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

A review of the clinical efficacy profile of copolymer 1: new U.S. phase III trial data

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Extended use of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is well tolerated and maintains its clinical effect on multiple sclerosis relapse rate and degree of disability. Copolymer 1 Multiple Sclerosis Study Group

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Induction of IL-10 in rat peritoneal macrophages and dendritic cells by glatiramer acetate

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) therapy induces CD8(+) T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) regulates nitric oxide and related cytokine secretion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Activated human T cells, B cells, and monocytes produce brain-derived neurotrophic factor in vitro and in inflammatory brain lesions: a neuroprotective role of inflammation?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Neurotrophic cross-talk between the nervous and immune systems: implications for neurological diseases

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Axonal metabolic recovery and potential neuroprotective effect of glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Inflammatory potential and migratory capacities across human brain endothelial cells of distinct glatiramer acetate-reactive T cells generated in treated multiple sclerosis patients.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Type 2 monocyte and microglia differentiation mediated by glatiramer acetate therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

T cell immunity to copolymer 1 confers neuroprotection on the damaged optic nerve: possible therapy for optic neuropathies

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

The trkB tyrosine protein kinase is a receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Physiology of the neurotrophins

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate blocks the activation of THP-1 cells by interferon-gamma

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Effect of copolymer-1 on serial gadolinium-enhanced MRI in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Treatment of multiple sclerosis with copolymer-1 (Copaxone): implicating mechanisms of Th1 to Th2/Th3 immune-deviation.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Autoimmune T cells protect neurons from secondary degeneration after central nervous system axotomy

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Multiple sclerosis: comparison of copolymer-1- reactive T cell lines from treated and untreated subjects reveals cytokine shift from T helper 1 to T helper 2 cells

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Mechanisms of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Modification of human T-cell responses by altered peptide ligands: a new approach to antigen-specific modification

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Axon damage and repair in multiple sclerosis.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Transected neurites, apoptotic neurons, and reduced inflammation in cortical multiple sclerosis lesions.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Characterization of T cell lines derived from glatiramer-acetate-treated multiple sclerosis patients

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Induction of apoptosis of CD4+ T cells by immunomodulatory therapy of multiple sclerosis with glatiramer acetate

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate induces pro-apoptotic mechanisms involving Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt-c in peripheral lymphocytes from multiple sclerosis patients

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Blocking effects of serum reactive antibodies induced by glatiramer acetate treatment in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate reduces lymphocyte proliferation and enhances IL-5 and IL-13 production through modulation of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Vaccination for protection of retinal ganglion cells against death from glutamate cytotoxicity and ocular hypertension: implications for glaucoma

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Innate and adaptive immune responses can be beneficial for CNS repair

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Measurement error of two different techniques for brain atrophy assessment in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

BDNF and gp145trkB in multiple sclerosis brain lesions: neuroprotective interactions between immune and neuronal cells?

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Impaired maturation and altered regulatory function of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Multiple sclerosis: a two-stage disease

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Immunomodulatory synergy by combination of atorvastatin and glatiramer acetate in treatment of CNS autoimmunity

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a synthetic polypeptide

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Suppression by several synthetic polypeptides of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in guinea pigs and rabbits with bovine and human basic encephalitogen

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Rhesus monkeys by a synthetic basic copolymer.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Copolymer 1: from basic research to clinical application

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Antibodies to glatiramer acetate do not interfere with its biological functions and therapeutic efficacy

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Therapeutic induction of regulatory, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Nerve growth factor is an autocrine survival factor for memory B lymphocytes.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Axonal transection in the lesions of multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Polyreactive antibodies to glatiramer acetate promote myelin repair in murine model of demyelinating disease

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer Acetate (Copolymer-1, Copaxone) Promotes Th2 Cell Development and Increased IL-10 Production Through Modulation of Dendritic Cells

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Loss of functional suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

In vivo and in vitro immunological cross-reactions between basic encephalitogen and synthetic basic polypeptides capable of suppressing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Molecular requirements involved in suppression of eae by synthetic basic copolymers of amino acids

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Multiple sclerosis: glatiramer acetate inhibits monocyte reactivity in vitro and in vivo

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate (GA) induces IL-13/IL-5 secretion in naive T cells

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Correlation of serum IL-13 and IL-5 levels with clinical response to Glatiramer acetate in patients with multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

The PROMiSe trial: baseline data review and progress report.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Neuroprotection and glatiramer acetate: the possible role in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Modulating processes within the central nervous system is central to therapeutic control of multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

The role of the humoral immune system in multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Risk-benefit assessment of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Glatiramer acetate-specific T-helper 1- and 2-type cell lines produce BDNF: implications for multiple sclerosis therapy. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Treatment of multiple sclerosis with glatiramer acetate. Current aspects of mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effect profile and clinical studies

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

Secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor by glatiramer acetate-reactive T-helper cell lines: Implications for multiple sclerosis therapy

1 reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FS0074-7742%2807%2979024-4

7 January 2021

10.1016/S0074-7742(07)79024-4

Identifiers

DOI

1 reference

16 August 2017

1 reference

PubMed ID

17531858